Objectives: The blind and visually disabled people form a predominant group in the disabled society and hence, need greater attention. Most of the rehabilitation therapists, especially occupational therapists, do not focus on this group. Thus, the aim of the study is to shed light on the issue of negligent attitude of rehabilitation therapists, especially occupational therapists, toward blind and visually-impaired people.Methods: To perform this study, a systematic, evidence-based process (Duffy 2005) was used.Data for the study was gathered from the following sources: Electronic databases: Medline PubMed, CINAHL, OVID Medline, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Cochrane Databases of Systematic Reviews, Pro Quest, Up To Date, Web of Science, OT Search, OTDirect, PEDro, SID, Magiran, IRAN MEDEX, MEDLIB, and IRANDOC.Results: From accessible databases, 112 articles related to blind and people with low vision in Iran were found; of these, only 17 articles have been included in this study.Discussion: Proper assessment of the visually disabled is required to implement the appropriate intervention technique. Occupational therapists need to pay special attention to the visually disabled people.

Eyes play a vital role in our life. Usually, all of us have seen the visually impaired people and know the problems that they face in their daily life. In order to detect the obstacles, blind people use sticks when they are walking but this instrument just can help them find objects on the ground. Obstacle detection is a field of effort that has led to vast progress in primary safety systems and in the primary-secondary safety systems interaction. Obstacle detector for the blind is an automated device for blind people. The main objective of this device is to make easy the walking environment for blind people. In this paper, a device is made which help the blind people by assisting through an android application. First, the device is made and then its performance is tested in three demanding conditions, for instance, normal, windy, and rainy conditions. The device shows a satisfactory level of accuracy in the three conditions. It helps the user to hear the distance and the location in an automated human voice.

Background & Objective: Having a different physical and emotional experience, including stressors in human life, could affect individual identities, psychosocial dimensions, emotional balance, self– satisfaction, sense of competence and achievement, social interactions, interpersonal relationships and individual needs adaptability. Blindness is a different experience. Blind people usually have difficulties in adaptation with their environment because they lose their basic sense of mobility and navigation skills. However, it is said that a person with a behavioral pattern can achieve success when a person can navigate his work and his personal life. Identifying behavioral patterns of individuals can lead to the correct design of the movement for successful relationships and constructive interaction with others to obtain the desired outcomes from work negotiations, family relationships and friendly communication. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the life experience of blind people to recognize their driving patterns. Methods: This research was a qualitative study and phenomenological research. The sample and statistical population of the study were blind subjects with 22 years and older in Tehran. The people were selected using targeted sampling method, and the data– gathering tool was semi– structured interviews. In analyzing the data obtained from the interview, two methods of descriptive phenomenological analysis (Clayzee method) and the coding method used simultaneously. Interview data at the same time and after completing interviews and recording the main points during the session, the participants 'statements repeatedly listened to the recorded notes, and their statements word– of– word wrote on paper and several times studied to understand participants' feelings and experiences. Results: Analysis of interviews data about the living experience of blind people to determine the characteristics of their driving patterns had 21 major categories. They include: normalization in the course of time, the color of divinity, the relationship with God and Holliman’ s, the blessings of God, strong self– concept and self– reliance, self– belief, strong will, sense of usefulness, positive effects, emphasis on self– help, help– seeking and consulting with others, communication with others, communication with the blind, community support, family support, friendship support, welcoming culture, hindering others, negative impacts, education, financial dependence, outcomes and livelihood status obtained. Ultimately identified five core categories as characteristics of the driving patterns of blind people, including overtime adaptation, association with God, social skills, individual support factors and social support. Conclusion: Characteristics of the driving patterns of blind people were a set of interpersonal and interpersonal features and factors such as environmental factors and, most important, communication with the creator of being. Therefore, it seems that neglecting or ignoring any of these factors and features can deprive an individual of having driving patterns.

Background: People with visual disability have lower self-esteem and social skills than sighted people. This study was designed to describe self-esteem and general and sexual self-concepts in blind people. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2013-2014. In this study, 138 visually impaired people participated from Isfahan Province Welfare Organization and were interviewed for measuring of self-esteem and self-concept using Eysenck self-esteem and Rogers’ self-concept questionnaires. The correlation between above two variables was measured using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software by Pearson correlation test.Results: Mean [ ± standard deviation (SD)] age of patients was 30.9 ± 8 years. The mean (±SD) of general self-concept score was 11 ± 5.83. The mean (±SD) of self-esteem score was 16.62 ± 2.85. Pearson correlation results showed a significant positive correlation between self-esteem and general self-concept (r=0.19, P=0.025). The mean of sexual self-concept scores in five subscales (sexual anxiety, sexual self-efficacy, sexual self-esteem, sexual fear, and sexual depression) were correspondingly 11 ± 4.41, 19.53 ± 4.53, 12.96 ± 4.19, 13.48 ± 1.76, and 5.38 ± 2.36. Self-esteem and self-concept had significant positive correlation with sexual anxiety (r=0.49; P<0.001) (r=–.23; P<0.001) and sexual fear (r=0.25; P=0.003) (r=0.18; P=0.02) and negative correlation with sexual self-efficacy (r=–0.26; P=0.002) (r=–0.28; P=0.001) and sexual-esteem (r=–0.34; P<0.001) (r=–0.34; P<0.001).Conclusion: Self-esteem and self-concept had significant correlation with sexual anxiety and sexual fear; and negative correlation with sexual self-efficacy and sexual-esteem.